You also see a “Birth” timestamp, which is reserved for the creation date of the file. You have to calculate these on the fly using the timestamp (which is always in UTC time), the local time zone of the computer displaying the file, and whether DST was in effect. There’s neither an inode nor a file system space devoted to holding these values. The offsets and time zones aren’t stored anywhere. That’s why two of the timestamps have a five-hour offset, but the modified has a four-hour offset. In April 2019, when the modified timestamp was changed, EDT was in effect. However, it’s four hours behind UTC when Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) is in force. That time zone is five hours behind UTC when EST is in force. It also ensures the month is in the correct language.
The location and time zone the computer viewing the file is in guides the conversion of the number of seconds to a date and time. This makes it easier for humans to understand. When Linux needs to display a timestamp, it translates the number of seconds into a date and time.
Leap seconds are ignored in Linux timestamps, so they aren’t analogous to real time. This number is the number of seconds since the Unix epoch, which was midnight (00:00:00) on January 1, 1970, in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Linux timestamps hold a number rather than a date and time. Sometimes, this timestamp is populated, but you can’t depend on the values in it. The standard ext4 Linux file system also allocates space for a file-creation timestamp in its internal file system structures, but this hasn’t been implemented yet.
FILE TIME STAMP UPDATE
File permission changes, for example, will update the changed timestamp. Rather, it’s the time at which the metadata related to the file was changed. “Modified” means something inside the file was amended or deleted, or new data was added.Ĭhanged timestamps aren’t referring to changes made to the contents of a file. A program or process either edited or manipulated the file. The data was referenced but unchanged.Ī modified timestamp signifies the last time the contents of a file were modified. This means someone used a program to display the contents of the file or read some values from it. The access timestamp is the last time a file was read.
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